Zeile 252:
Zeile 252:
::<math>\begin{array}{ll} {\Phi_{0}}&=-0.0157,\\ W_{1} &=-4.86\cdot {{10}^{-18}}\; \text{m},\\ {\Phi_{1}}&=+0.0682,\\ {\Phi_{2}}&=-0.0262 \end{array}</math>,
::<math>\begin{array}{ll} {\Phi_{0}}&=-0.0157,\\ W_{1} &=-4.86\cdot {{10}^{-18}}\; \text{m},\\ {\Phi_{1}}&=+0.0682,\\ {\Phi_{2}}&=-0.0262 \end{array}</math>,
zusammen mit den <span style="background:green">Randbedingungen</span> also
zusammen mit den <span style="color :green">Randbedingungen</span> also
::<math>\begin{array}{ll} {\color{green}{W_0}}&={\color{green}{0}},\\ {\Phi_{0}}&=-0.0157,\\ W_{1} &=-4.86\cdot {{10}^{-18}}\; \text{m},\\ {\Phi_{1}}&=+0.0682,\\ {\color{green}{W_2}}&={\color{green}{+0.00656 \text{ m}}},\\ {\Phi_{2}}&=-0.0262 \end{array}</math>.
::<math>\begin{array}{ll} {\color{green}{W_0}}&={\color{green}{0}},\\ {\Phi_{0}}&=-0.0157,\\ W_{1} &=-4.86\cdot {{10}^{-18}}\; \text{m},\\ {\Phi_{1}}&=+0.0682,\\ {\color{green}{W_2}}&={\color{green}{+0.00656 \text{ m}}},\\ {\Phi_{2}}&=-0.0262 \end{array}</math>.
Aufgabenstellung
Das System ist eine Variante von Aufgabe TC12 . Hier ist eine Näherungslösung mit der Methode der Finiten Elemente gefragt. Das Sytem besteht aus zwei Sektionen mit den Längen ℓ1 bzw. ℓ2 sowie den Flächenmomenten I1 bzw. I2 . Sektion AB ist durch eine konstante Streckenlast q0 belastet, in B wirkt das Moment MB0 . Der Stab ist in A durch ein gelenkiges Festlager gelagert. In C ist das Stabende fest mit dem Umfang einer Rolle vom Radius r verbunden, die in D frei drehbar gelagert ist. In B sind die beiden Sektionen fest miteinander verbunden. Die Feder in B ist eine Translationsfeder mit der Steifigkeit kB .
Lageplan
Gesucht ist die FEM-Lösung mit zwei Elementen für den Euler-Bernoulli-Balken.
Die Systemparameter sind die gleichen wie in TC12, das dort gesuchte Flächenmoment I1 übernehmen wir zu
I
1
=
54
000
mm
4
{\displaystyle I_{1}=54\,000{\text{ mm}}^{4}}
.
Lösung mit Maxima
Wir suchen eine Lösung mit den Standard-Trial-Functions (Hermitesche-Polynome) für einen Euler-Bernoulli-Balken . Aufpassen müssen wir am Rand "C ". Hier sind Verschiebung und Verdrehung durch die Rolle gekoppelt. Die Element-Steifigkeitsmatrix müssen wir passend umschreiben.
/*******************************************************/
/* MAXIMA script */
/* version: wxMaxima 15.08.2 */
/* author: Andreas Baumgart */
/* last updated: 2018-04-15 */
/* ref: TM-C, Labor 4 */
/* description: finds the FE solution for */
/* lab problem #4 */
/*******************************************************/
/* declare variational variables - see 6.3 Identifiers */
declare("δA", alphabetic);
declare("δΠ", alphabetic);
declare("δW", alphabetic);
declare("δΦ", alphabetic);
declare("δw", alphabetic);
Declarations
Wir übernehmen die Systemparameter aus TC12 zu
ℓ
1
=
1000
⋅
m
m
,
ℓ
2
=
ℓ
1
2
,
r
=
ℓ
1
4
,
E
=
210000.0
⋅
N
m
m
2
,
I
1
=
54000
⋅
m
m
4
,
I
2
=
2
⋅
I
1
,
k
B
=
3
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
3
,
q
0
=
10
⋅
N
m
m
,
M
B
=
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\ell _{1}}=1000\cdot {\mathit {mm}},\\\displaystyle {\ell _{2}}={\frac {\ell _{1}}{2}},\\\displaystyle r={\frac {\ell _{1}}{4}},\\\displaystyle E={\frac {210000.0\cdot N}{{\mathit {mm}}^{2}}},\\\displaystyle {{I}_{1}}=54000\cdot {{\mathit {mm}}^{4}},\\\displaystyle {{I}_{2}}=2\cdot {{I}_{1}},\\\displaystyle {{k}_{B}}={\frac {3\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{\ell _{1}^{3}}},\\\displaystyle {{q}_{0}}={\frac {10\cdot N}{\mathit {mm}}},\\\displaystyle {{M}_{B}}={{q}_{0}}\cdot {\ell _{1}^{2}}\end{array}}}
,
und wählen als Referenzgröße wref für die Auslenkung des Balkens die maximale Verschiebung eines Kragbalkens unter konstanter Streckenlast :
w
r
e
f
=
q
o
ℓ
1
4
8
E
I
1
{\displaystyle \displaystyle w_{ref}={\frac {q_{o}\;\ell _{1}^{4}}{8\;E\,I_{1}}}}
.
/*** declarations ***/
assume(l[i]>0);
/* system parameter */
units : [mm = m/1000, cm = m/100];
params : [l[1]=1000*mm, l[2] = l[1]/2, r=l[1]/4,
E = 2.1*10^5*N/mm^2,
I[1] = 54000*mm^4, I[2]=2*I[1],
k[B] = 3*E*I[1]/l[1]^3,
q[0]=10*N/mm, M[B]=q[0]*l[1]^2];
params : subst(units,makelist(lhs(params[i])=subst(params,rhs(params[i])),i,1,length(params)));
/* kinematics of boundary condition at "C" */
kinematics : [W[2]=-r*Φ[2], δW[2] = -r*δΦ[2]];
/* max. displacement of cantilevered beam under load q[0] */
dimless : [w[ref] = q[0]*l[1]^4/(8*E*I[1])];
print(subst(params,dimless))$
Formfunctions
Die Trial-Functions je Element "i " zur Komposition der Form-Funktion kopieren wir aus Finite Elemente Methode zu
ϕ
1
=
2
⋅
ξ
3
−
3
⋅
ξ
2
+
1
,
ϕ
2
=
ℓ
i
⋅
(
ξ
3
−
2
⋅
ξ
2
+
ξ
)
,
ϕ
3
=
3
⋅
ξ
2
−
2
⋅
ξ
3
,
ϕ
4
=
ℓ
i
⋅
(
ξ
3
−
ξ
2
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}\phi _{1}=2\cdot {{\xi }^{3}}-3\cdot {{\xi }^{2}}+1,\\\phi _{2}={{\ell }_{i}}\cdot \left({{\xi }^{3}}-2\cdot {{\xi }^{2}}+\xi \right),\\\phi _{3}=3\cdot {{\xi }^{2}}-2\cdot {{\xi }^{3}},\\\phi _{4}={{\ell }_{i}}\cdot \left({{\xi }^{3}}-{{\xi }^{2}}\right)\end{array}}}
,
die Koordinaten der Verschiebung sind
Q
i
=
(
W
i
−
1
Φ
i
−
1
W
i
Φ
i
)
{\displaystyle Q_{i}=\left({\begin{array}{l}W_{i-1}\\\Phi _{i-1}\\W_{i}\\\Phi _{i}\end{array}}\right)}
.
Damit ist
w
i
(
x
i
)
=
W
i
−
1
⋅
(
2
⋅
ξ
3
−
3
⋅
ξ
2
+
1
)
+
Φ
i
−
1
⋅
ℓ
i
⋅
(
ξ
3
−
2
⋅
ξ
2
+
ξ
)
+
W
i
⋅
(
3
⋅
ξ
2
−
2
⋅
ξ
3
)
+
Φ
i
⋅
ℓ
i
⋅
(
ξ
3
−
ξ
2
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcll}w_{i}(x_{i})=&&W_{i-1}&\cdot \left(2\cdot {{\xi }^{3}}-3\cdot {{\xi }^{2}}+1\right)\\&+&\Phi _{i-1}&\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}\cdot \left({{\xi }^{3}}-2\cdot {{\xi }^{2}}+\xi \right)\\&+&W_{i}&\cdot \left(3\cdot {{\xi }^{2}}-2\cdot {{\xi }^{3}}\right)\\&+&\Phi _{i}&\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}\cdot \left({{\xi }^{3}}-{{\xi }^{2}}\right)\end{array}}}
.
/**** define form functions ***/
/* coordinates */
coords : [[ W[i-1], Φ[i-1], W[i], Φ[i]],
[δW[i-1],δΦ[i-1],δW[i],δΦ[i]]];
/* tial-functions */
phi : [ 2*xi^3-3*xi^2+1,
(xi^3-2*xi^2+xi)*l[i],
3*xi^2-2*xi^3,
(xi^3-xi^2)*l[i]];
/* form-function */
form : w(xi) = sum(coords[1][j]*phi[j],j,1,4);
Equilibrium Conditions
Die Gleichgewichtsbedingungen kommen aus dem Prinzip der virtuellen Verrückungen zu
δ
W
=
!
0
=
δ
W
a
−
δ
Π
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}\delta W&{\stackrel {!}{=}}0\\&=\delta W_{a}-\delta \Pi \end{array}}}
.
Wir sortieren die Elemente der virtuellen Arbeit nach den virtuellen Koordinaten und den Koordinaten des System und konstruieren daraus das gewöhnliche Gleichungssystem
K
_
_
⋅
Q
_
=
P
_
{\displaystyle {\underline {\underline {K}}}\cdot {\underline {Q}}={\underline {P}}}
.
Die Anteile an der gesamten virtuellen Arbeit kommen aus der virtuellen Formänderungsenergie δΠ und der virtuellen Arbeit der äußeren Lasten δWa .
Dabei ist für unsere zwei Elemente δΠ = δΠ1 + δΠ2 ' mit
δ
Π
i
=
δ
Q
_
i
T
⋅
k
_
_
0
⋅
Q
i
_
{\displaystyle \delta \Pi _{i}=\delta {\underline {Q}}_{i}^{T}\cdot {\underline {\underline {k}}}_{0}\cdot {\underline {Q_{i}}}}
und der Element-Steifigkeitsmatrix
k
_
_
0
=
E
I
ℓ
i
3
⋅
(
12
6
⋅
ℓ
i
−
12
6
⋅
ℓ
i
6
⋅
ℓ
i
4
⋅
ℓ
i
2
−
6
⋅
ℓ
i
2
⋅
ℓ
i
2
−
12
−
6
⋅
ℓ
i
12
−
6
⋅
ℓ
i
6
⋅
ℓ
i
2
⋅
ℓ
i
2
−
6
⋅
ℓ
i
4
⋅
ℓ
i
2
)
{\displaystyle {\underline {\underline {k}}}_{0}=\displaystyle {\frac {\mathit {EI}}{{\ell }_{i}^{3}}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}12&6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}&-12&6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}\\6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}&4\cdot {{\ell }_{i}^{2}}&-6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}&2\cdot {{\ell }_{i}^{2}}\\-12&-6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}&12&-6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}\\6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}&2\cdot {{\ell }_{i}^{2}}&-6\cdot {{\ell }_{i}}&4\cdot {{\ell }_{i}^{2}}\end{pmatrix}}}
.
Für Element 1 können wir diese Matrix direkt übernehmen, das heißt k1 = k0 für i=1.
Element 2 birgt eine Tücke: Hier sind Verschiebung W2 und Verdrehung Φ2 gekoppelt über die Kinematik der Rolle:
W
2
=
−
r
⋅
Φ
2
{\displaystyle W_{2}=-r\cdot \Phi _{2}}
Damit ist auch die Variation in diesen Koordinaten gekoppelt, also
δ
W
2
=
−
r
⋅
δ
Φ
2
{\displaystyle \delta W_{2}=-r\cdot \delta \Phi _{2}}
.
Mit dieser Beziehung eliminieren wir demnach W2 aus der Formulierung der Gleichgewichtsbedingungen. Das Einsetzen der kinematischen Beziehungen in δΠ liefert nun als Element-Steifigkeitsmatrix
k
_
_
2
=
E
I
2
l
2
3
⋅
(
12
6
⋅
ℓ
2
0
12
⋅
r
+
6
⋅
ℓ
2
6
⋅
ℓ
2
4
⋅
ℓ
2
2
0
6
⋅
ℓ
2
⋅
r
+
2
⋅
ℓ
2
2
0
0
0
0
12
⋅
r
+
6
⋅
ℓ
2
6
⋅
ℓ
2
⋅
r
+
2
⋅
ℓ
2
2
0
12
⋅
r
2
+
12
⋅
ℓ
2
⋅
r
+
4
⋅
ℓ
2
2
)
{\displaystyle {\underline {\underline {k}}}_{2}=\displaystyle {\frac {E\,I_{2}}{l_{2}^{3}}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}12&6\cdot {{\ell }_{2}}&0&12\cdot r+6\cdot {{\ell }_{2}}\\6\cdot {{\ell }_{2}}&4\cdot {{\ell }_{2}^{2}}&0&6\cdot {{\ell }_{2}}\cdot r+2\cdot {{\ell }_{2}^{2}}\\0&0&0&0\\12\cdot r+6\cdot {{\ell }_{2}}&6\cdot {{\ell }_{2}}\cdot r+2\cdot {{\ell }_{2}^{2}}&0&12\cdot {{r}^{2}}+12\cdot {{\ell }_{2}}\cdot r+4\cdot {{\ell }_{2}^{2}}\end{pmatrix}}}
,
bei der die Elemente der dritten Zeile (zu δWi ) und der dritten Spalte (zu Wi ) verschwinden.
Struktur der Steifigkeitsmatrix. Wir setzen die Gesamt-Steifigkeitsmatrix K aus den beiden Element-Steifigkeitsmatrizen so zusammen:
Und das ist die anteilige Gesamt-Steifigkeitsmatrix der beiden Balken-Abschnitte:
K
_
_
=
(
12
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
3
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
−
12
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
3
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
0
0
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
4
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
2
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
0
0
−
12
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
3
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
12
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
3
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
0
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
2
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
4
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
+
4
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
0
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
+
2
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
+
2
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
0
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
+
4
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
)
{\displaystyle {\underline {\underline {K}}}\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{3}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&-{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{3}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&0&0\\{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&0&0\\-{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{3}}}&-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{3}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&0&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}\\{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}+{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&0&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}+{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}\\0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}+{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}&0&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot {{r}^{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}+{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}}}
Auch die Feder ist ein elastisches Element und trägt damit eine virtuelle Formänderungsenergie, zu δΠ hinzu, nämlich
δ
Π
3
=
k
B
W
1
⋅
δ
W
1
{\displaystyle \delta \Pi _{3}=k_{B}\,W_{1}\cdot \delta W_{1}}
Diesen Beitrag müssen wir in Zeile 3, Spalte 3 hinzuaddieren, also mit der Anweisung
K
3
,
3
=
K
3
,
3
+
k
B
{\displaystyle K_{3,3}=K_{3,3}+k_{B}}
.
Auf der rechten Seite des Gleichungssystem bleiben die Beiträge der virtuellen Arbeiten äußerer Lasten stehen. Dies sind
δ
W
a
=
∫
ℓ
1
q
0
⋅
δ
w
(
x
)
d
x
+
M
B
⋅
δ
Φ
1
{\displaystyle \delta W^{a}=\int _{\ell _{1}}q_{0}\cdot \delta w(x)\,dx+M_{B}\cdot \delta \Phi _{1}}
,
wir erhalten
P
_
=
(
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
12
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
M
B
−
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
12
0
0
)
{\displaystyle {\underline {P}}\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}\displaystyle {\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}}}{2}}\\\displaystyle {\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}{12}}\\\displaystyle {\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}}}{2}}\\\displaystyle {{M}_{B}}-{\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}{12}}\\\displaystyle 0\\\displaystyle 0\end{pmatrix}}}
.
Jetzt fehlen nur noch die Randbedingungen. Wir setzen
W
0
=
0
{\displaystyle W_{0}=0}
,
die kinematische Beziehung
W
2
=
−
r
⋅
Φ
2
{\displaystyle W_{2}=-r\cdot \Phi _{2}}
haben wir schon eingearbeit - bleibt also nur noch, die entsprechenden Spalten und Zeilen in den Matrizen K, Q und P zu eliminieren. Es bleibt das Gleichungssystem
(
4
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
2
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
0
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
12
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
3
+
k
B
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
2
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
−
6
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
2
4
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
+
4
⋅
I
1
⋅
E
ℓ
1
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
+
2
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
0
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
6
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
+
2
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
3
+
12
⋅
I
2
⋅
r
⋅
E
ℓ
2
2
+
4
⋅
I
2
⋅
E
ℓ
2
)
⋅
(
Φ
0
W
1
Φ
1
Φ
2
)
=
(
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
12
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
M
B
−
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
2
12
0
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&0\\-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{3}}}+{{k}_{B}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}\\{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}-{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}&{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}+{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{1}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{1}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}+{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}\\0&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}&{\frac {6\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}+{\frac {2\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}&{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot {{r}^{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{3}}}+{\frac {12\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot r\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}^{2}}}+{\frac {4\cdot {{I}_{2}}\cdot E}{{\ell }_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}}\,\cdot \,{\begin{pmatrix}{{\Phi }_{0}}\\{{W}_{1}}\\{{\Phi }_{1}}\\{{\Phi }_{2}}\end{pmatrix}}\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}{12}}\\{\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}}}{2}}\\{{M}_{B}}-{\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}^{2}}}{12}}\\0\end{pmatrix}}}
.
/**** equilibrium conditions ***/
/* generic stiffness matrix */
k[0] : E*I[i]/l[i]^3*makelist(makelist(
integrate(
diff(phi[i],xi,2)*diff(phi[j],xi,2),
xi,0,1),
j,1,4),i,1,4);
k[0] : funmake('matrix,k[0]);
/* element stiffness matrices */
/* element 1 */
k[1] : subst([i=1],k[0]);
/* element 2 */
δΠ[2] : subst([i=2],coords[2].k[0].transpose(coords[1]));
δΠ[2] : expand(subst(kinematics, δΠ[2]));
k[2] : funmake('matrix,makelist(makelist(coeff(coeff(δΠ[2],subst([i=2],coords[2])[m]),subst([i=2],coords[1])[n]),m,1,4),n,1,4));
/* compose system matrix */
NoN : 3; /* Number of Nodes*/
K : zeromatrix(2*NoN,2*NoN);
for m:1 thru 4 do
for n:1 thru 4 do
(K[ m, n] : K[ m, n] + k[1][m,n],
K[2+m,2+n] : K[2+m,2+n] + k[2][m,n])$
/* add spring */
K[3,3] : K[3,3] + k[B]; /* W[1] */
/* compose righ-hand-side */
P : zeromatrix(6,1);
for m:1 thru 4 do
P[m,1] : l[1]*integrate(q[0]*subst([i=1],phi[m]), xi,0,1);
P[4,1] : P[4,1] + M[B];
/* coordinates of displacement */
Q : matrix([W[0]],[Φ[0]],[W[1]],[Φ[1]],[W[2]],[Φ[2]]);
/* incorporate geometric boundary conditions */
/* eliminate rows / columns for W[0], Φ[2] (positions 1, 6) */
K : submatrix(1,submatrix(5,K,5),1);
Q : submatrix(1,submatrix(5,Q));
P : submatrix(1,submatrix(5,P));
print("k[1] = ", k[1])$
print("k[2] = ", k[2])$
print("K = ", K)$
print("Q = ", Q)$
print("P = ", P)$
print(K," * ",Q," = ",P)$
Solving
Auflösen nach Q liefert
Φ
0
=
−
0.0157
,
W
1
=
−
4.86
⋅
10
−
18
m
,
Φ
1
=
+
0.0682
,
Φ
2
=
−
0.0262
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}{\Phi _{0}}&=-0.0157,\\W_{1}&=-4.86\cdot {{10}^{-18}}\;{\text{m}},\\{\Phi _{1}}&=+0.0682,\\{\Phi _{2}}&=-0.0262\end{array}}}
,
zusammen mit den Randbedingungen also
W
0
=
0
,
Φ
0
=
−
0.0157
,
W
1
=
−
4.86
⋅
10
−
18
m
,
Φ
1
=
+
0.0682
,
W
2
=
+
0.00656
m
,
Φ
2
=
−
0.0262
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}{\color {green}{W_{0}}}&={\color {green}{0}},\\{\Phi _{0}}&=-0.0157,\\W_{1}&=-4.86\cdot {{10}^{-18}}\;{\text{m}},\\{\Phi _{1}}&=+0.0682,\\{\color {green}{W_{2}}}&={\color {green}{+0.00656{\text{ m}}}},\\{\Phi _{2}}&=-0.0262\end{array}}}
.
/**** solve K Q = P ***/
sol[1] : linsolve_by_lu(subst(params,K),subst(params,P))[1]$
sol[1] : makelist(Q[i][1] = sol[1][i][1],i,1,4);
sol[1] : append(subst(params,[W[0]=0, W[2]=-r*subst(sol[1], Φ[2])]), sol[1]);
Post-Processing
Biegelinie w(x) Die Auslenkung w(x) der Querschnitte tragen wir jetzt auf. Für die dimensionslose Darstellung wählen wir aus der analytischen Lösung für den Kragbalken unter konstanter Streckenlast
w
r
e
f
=
q
0
⋅
ℓ
1
4
8
⋅
E
I
1
=
0.11
m
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}{{w}_{\mathit {ref}}}&\displaystyle ={\frac {{{q}_{0}}\cdot {{\ell }_{1}^{4}}}{8\cdot E\,{{I}_{1}}}}\\&=0.11{\text{ m}}\end{array}}}
und tragen w(x)/wref auf:
Die maximale Auslenkung des Systems ist dann
w
m
a
x
≈
0.1
⋅
0.11
m
≈
11
mm
{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}w_{max}&\approx 0.1\cdot 0.11{\text{ m}}\\&\approx 11{\text{ mm}}\end{array}}}
,
und das entspricht der Vorgabe aus Aufgabe TC12 .
/**** post-process ***/
f1 : subst([xi=t],subst(params,subst(dimless,expand(subst(sol[1],subst([i=1],subst(form,w(xi)/w[ref])))))));
f2 : subst([xi=t],subst(params,subst(dimless,expand(subst(sol[1],subst([i=2],subst(form,w(xi)/w[ref])))))));
scale : subst(params,(l[2]/l[1]));
plot2d([[parametric, t, f1, [t, 0, 1]],
[parametric, 1+t*scale, f2, [t, 0, 1]]],
[gnuplot_preamble, "set yrange [] reverse"],
[legend, "sec. I", "sec. II"],
[xlabel, "x/l[1] →"], [ylabel, "w/w[ref] →"])$
Links
Literature